Dextran is a branched polysaccharide, composed of -D-glucopyranosyl residues. The micropores were developed on pig skin and human cadaver skin with dermal and epidermal layers by the microporation device. Unperturbed dimensions and theta temperature of dextran in aqueous solutions. Karmarkar, S.; Garber, R.: Kluza, J.; Koberda, M. (2006). Nat Biotechnol. Bahary, W.S. 2006;3(3):37385. Human cadaver skin has been confirmed as alive skin tissue through analysis of its morphology and enzymes, and its usefulness as an alternative skin membrane in drug permeation experiments has been verified [20]. A similar article of dextran/water [35] clearly demonstrating the dependence of Mark-Houwink parameters with temperature. Measurements were made with a Ubbelohde C type suspended level viscometer [57] (IVA, Argentina); with a diameter capillary of 0.81mm and water draining time of 35.89s at 20C, with viscometer constant of 0.027883 mm2/s [58]. TEWL measurements were performed before and 30min after microporation. J Control Release. Gekko, K. (1971). This low polydispersity realizes that the Mark-Houwink equation is forced at a given Mw regardless of the hyperbranched nature of the dextran molecule. 2013;3(5):3588605. ; Fran, H.P. Pharm Res. The fast increasing of these polyglucosans for medical, industrial and research purposes motivated a survey of the types obtainable. All authors have consented to the submission of this manuscript for publication. The .gov means its official. WebAccording to the above theoretical analysis for the micro-roughness contact model, the relationship between the hydrodynamic pressure (HP) and the contact pressure (CP) is shown in Fig. These vibrations heat the skin tissue, triggering water vapor and cell ablation, forming microchannels from the SC through to the outer dermis. Ahn, G.Y., Eo, HS., Kim, D. et al. These values indicate for dextrans in dilute aqueous solution, both methods give very similar results of the intrinsic viscosity and the respective Mw. The qM-H values given by equation 13, these vary from 0.9993 to 0.9841 for the range between 8.8 to 200kDa in a temperature range of 20 to 40C. Table 5 shows the data of Mark-Houwink parameters determined in figure 4 from linear regressions with 2 values higher than 0.9797. 2018 Aug 9;23(8):1984. doi: 10.3390/molecules23081984. Optical properties of dextran in solution and in films. One day before the experiment, the skin was stabilized in the skin culture medium. The hydrodynamic radius of 2-NBDG glucose was too small to measure. Ionic Polymers Based on Dextran: Hydrodynamic Properties in Aqueous Solution and Solvent Mixtures. De Belder, A. N. (2001). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Carbohydrate Polymers, 79, 380-390. WebLabeled dextrans are hydrophilic polysaccharides most commonly used in microscopy studies to monitor cell division, track the movement of live cells, and to report the These studies on Mark-Houwink parameters are usually carried out at a given temperature, obtaining a consistent result but in a very limited temperature range [68]. Normally, the skin loses very little water loss whereas damaged skin loses more [22]. The formula is verified for different systems of polymer-solvent and the values are in accord with those obtained by extrapolation. 2003;10:33847. ACS Nano. Whiteside PJD, Chininis JA, Schellenberg MW, Qian C, Hunt HK. Covis, Rudy; Ladaviere, Catherine; Desbrieres, Jacques; Marie, Emmanuelle; Durand, Alain. The Intrinsic Viscosity of Biological Macromolecules. Journal of Colloid Science, 31, 308-328. Webdextran hydrodynamic radius. Although, in literature there is much information on hydrodynamic measurements from determinations viscosity; very few of them evaluate the situation at different temperatures. The molecular mass of dextran as determined by the gel filtration and copper bicinchoninate method was Analyzing the values of the hydrodynamic properties of dextran in aqueous solution, it can be seen in Table 7, that all vary with the temperature. This is because the macromolecule hydrodynamic radius changes the solution type and temperature via change in their chain exibility. par | Juil 2, 2022 | mitchell wesley carlson charged | justin strauss net worth | Juil 2, 2022 | mitchell wesley carlson charged | justin strauss net worth Garcia de la Torre, J.; Carrasco, B. H&E stained images were analyzed using Image J software. The Mark-Houwink parameters indicate the dependence with temperature (T) in the range from 20 to 50C, ie with increasing T a increases and kM-H decreases. Proc. The 70-kDa FITC dextran reached the jejunum after 15 min and passed the entire small intestine within 1 h after its administration, demonstrating that 4-kDa FITC American Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013, 1(3), 60-66. This situation is mainly the result of using dextans, solvent, additives, etc. The Mark-Houwink parameters and the effect of temperature on them are specifically studied. It is well tolerated on parenteral infusion by most people but a very low incidence Pamis, R.; Hernndez Cifre, J. G.; Lpez Martnez, M.C. WebThe micelles produced at pH 4.6 have a spherical shape and their size is dependent on the Maillard reaction: reaction time, molar ratio of casein to dextran, and molecular weight of dextran used. Rheology of dextran solutions. Mitragotri S. Mechanical disruption of skin barrier for vaccine delivery. Dear Sir. Alan F Rawle , Can you help me in calculating the size of dextran 4 (molecular weight= 4000) and dextran 10 (molecular weight 10,000)? Th The above data are not useful because it can not be compared with those obtained in this work. Lee WR, Shen SC, Sun CK, Aljuffali IA, Suen SY, Lin YK, Wang JJ, Fang JY. FOIA Interaction Parameter (); Expansion Factor (); Steric Hindrance Factor (); and Shielding Function F(); for the System PEAOrganic Solvents by Intrinsic Viscosity Measurements. The measurements of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were taken using the Tewameter (Courage-Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) to evaluate the skin barrier function after microporation. Although, intrinsic viscosity is a molecular parameter that can be interpreted in terms of molecular conformation, it does not offer as high resolution on molecular structure as other methods such as Light Scattering, Circular Dichroism, Sedimentation Velocity, Sedimentation Equilibrium, Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (SEC-MALLS), High-performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), NMR, X-rays, etc. Epub 2012 May 28. TEWL values before and immediately after microporation on human cadaver skin according to the number of times microproration was done (n=3). Search International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 277, 99-104. Expert Rev Med Devices. FITC-dextran solution was prepared at 1mM in PBS. Jeanes, A.; Haynes, W.C.; C. Wilham, A.; Rankin, J.C; Melvin, E.H.; Austin, M. J.; Cluskey, J. E.; Fisher, B.E. The (a/b) value is 2.5 which confirms that dextran in aqueous solution is a biopolymer with a spherical conformation for an Mw range from 8.8 to 200kDa, and with tendency to compaction with increasing temperature (RH decreases). (1999). The polymer molecule assumes a tighter configuration, and the solution has a lower intrinsic viscosity. Determination of polymer structure by Gel Permeation Chromatography. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 23, 135-141. After 8h, the micropore became more distorted from the previous circle, suggesting that the micropores were closing. Fractional thermolysis by bipolar radiofrequency facilitates cutaneous delivery of peptide and siRNA with minor loss of barrier function. Dynamic light scattering study confirmed the mono-disperse nature of dextran with hydrodynamic radius of 900 nm. As intrinsic viscosity of dextrans decreases with an increase in solution temperature; chain flexibility enhances with an increase in temperature (see Table 4) showing that the intrinsic viscosity of dextran (with different molecular weights Mw from 8.8 to 200kDa) decreases linearly with an temperature increase in solution, but change to high molecular weight to hyperbranched macromolecule. Table1 shows TEWL values measured immediately after the microporation of human and pig skins. Molecular weight determination of polysaccharides. A lot of research has been devoted to dextrans modification in order to describe special characteristics relevant to specific applications such as surfactants [16], as visible marker [17], polysaccharides-based nanoparticles, covalent crosslinking [18], ionic crosslinking, polyelectrolyte complex, and the self-assembly of hydrophobically modified polysaccharides, and hydrophilic modified polysaccharides [19]. These studies were again focused on investigating the hydrodynamic properties of the polymer molecules, their hydrodynamic radius in relation to their radius of gyration and the coherence of the simulation results with polymer theory. Determination of branching in biopolymers by size exclusion chromatography with light scattering (Malls), viscosity, and refractive index detection. Format), Citation-(EndNote Synthesis of dextran by dextransucrase treated, sucrose-supplemented skimmed milk revealed the promising potential of dextran as a food additive. Advances in Physical Chemistry, Vol. Herwadkar A, Banga AK. Therefore, it is suitable as model molecules with different molecular weights for transdermal drug delivery [29]. Chromatographic characterization of polymers: Hyphenated and multidimensional techniques. Nordmeier, Eckliard (1993). Morris, G.A. Harding, S. E., & Simpkin, N. J. The a value is higher than calculated in this work, because these calculations were performed with number average molecular weight (Mn) which rearranges the value of a and forces him to enter into unbranched or linear molecules (a > 0.5), on the other hand, if molecular weights (Mw) ware used to value would be less than 0.5. WebFluorescein isothiocyanatedextran average mol wt 60,000-76,000; CAS Number: 60842-46-8; Synonyms: FITCDextran; find Sigma-Aldrich-FD70S MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich All possible degrees of curling can be displayed by any molecule, but there will be an average configuration which will depend on the solvent. Harding, Stephen E. (1997). Aqueous solutions of amphiphilic polysaccharides: Concentration and temperature effect on viscosity. 10% neutral buffered formalin was purchased from Hisko (Gunpo, Korea). Transdermal drug delivery: overcoming the skins barrier function. RBECs were passaged onto cell culture inserts as described and cultured for a further 714 days in vitro. Cite this article. 8600 Rockville Pike WebTry out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. 2012;29(7):201729. Typical examples are the classical size-independent combinations like the Flory parameter, which that combine the intrinsic viscosity, [], and the gyration radius, Rg: These quantities have been proposed along the years, by different eminent scientists, after whom they are named. In vitro studies with human cadaver skin is a viable, ethical, and economical alternative for in vivo animal studies. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. The biological activity of cationic liposomes in drug delivery and toxicity test in animal models. Carbohydrate Polymers, 68, 477-488. De Belder, A.N. This method utilizes promising strategies that have made a significant impact in transdermal delivery [6], they include: iontophoresis, microneedles, sonophoresis, radiofrequency (RF), and chemical enhancers [7,8,9,10,11]. Colloid Polym. Table 3 shows the intrinsic viscosity for the rest of the dextrans obtained by using the single-point method, measured at different temperatures. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 1260-1267. In a good solvent, a temperature increase results in an intrinsic viscosity decrease and in a less-extended conformation (RH<), because the entropy value increases with an increase in temperature and it is unfavorable for an extended conformation. In order to confirm the molecular weight the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for standard dextrans is used in a range of molecular weights from 8.8 to 2000kDa and these correspond to the following equation. Walkenhorst, S.; Olivier, R. (2003). Elias, Hans-Georg (1975). 2010;4(1):117. Charge: Anionic. Journal Argentine Chemical Society 100 (2013) 25-34. Correspondence to dextran hydrodynamic radius. European Biophysical Journal, 36, 85-94. In this work, hydrodynamic properties are investigated in different dextran aqueous solutions with different molecular weights (8.8-2000kDa), in a temperature range from 20C to 50C. Polymer molecular weight distribution. ; De Jong, S.J. ; Aberle, T; Burchard, W. (2000). In order to understand the behavior of this biopolymer in water and to support changes at the M-H parameters with temperature, the hydrodynamic parameters are analyzed (hydrodynamic radius, (RH); Simha number, ((a/b)); Perrin parameter (P); Flory parameter (0); and stiffness chain (dln[]/dT)). FITC-derivatives have been used for a variety of biological applications for more than 40 yeras. All branched polysaccharide types could be described approximately by the hyperbranching theory. 2005;22(4):5505. a Microscopy images of micropore and b quantified data using ImageJ after 0 (immediately), 4, 8, and 24h according to the number of times microproration was done (n=150, *: p<0.05). The cumulative permeation of FITC-dextran 10 K was 4.82 0.32 M, in the human skin and 5.92 0.46 M in the pig skin. Determination of the intrinsic viscosity has been the most used measurement in the last 60 years. (2012). government site. 2022 Feb 22;16(2):1999-2012. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07010. 2012 Sep 1;90(1):441-6. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.063. The 70-kDa FITC dextran reached the jejunum after 15 min and passed the entire small intestine within 1 h after its administration, demonstrating that 4-kDa FITC dextran measured in plasma 1 h after its oral application is a marker of small intestinal permeability. Carbohydrate Research, 340, 811-826. Privacy Mark-Houwink-Kuhn-Sakurada Exponent at the Condition. 2018;1:10915. For 40 kDa molecules, the hydrodynamic diameter d h ~8 nm is much smaller than the collagen mesh size [33,41]. Carbohydrate Polymers 72, 356-360. Biomaterials, 22, 1891-1898. Ghimici, Luminita; Nichifor, Marieta; Wolf, Bernhard (2009). Multiple Linear Least-Squares Fits with a Common Intercept: Determination of the Intrinsic Viscosity of Macromolecules in Solution. Die Makromolekulare Chemie, 148(1), 229-238. Weissella: An Emerging Bacterium with Promising Health Benefits. Hennink, W.E. He, L.; Niemeyer, B. Indo AM J Pharm. Int J Pharm Investig. The solution viscosity () is related to the solvent viscosity (o), resulting in the relative viscosity. Dextrans in Aqueous Solution. (2008). The important role of thermodynamic interaction parameter in the determination of theta temperature, dextran/water system. The temperature increment can induce a macromolecule compaction (decreases in RH and []), generating by this way, a greater difficult to flowing due at requires an increase of energy consumption (Eavf<). The characteristic Rg/Rh value for a globular protein is ~0.775, which means that Rg is smaller than Rh. Would you like email updates of new search results? 2012;101(8):28619. However, the currently available transdermal systems are limited by low drug permeability across the skin due to the lipophilic barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost skin layer of the skin [3,4,5]; the methods favor low molecular mass, and lipophilic molecules, making it difficult to exploit the transdermal route for large and water-soluble molecules such as proteins and peptides.