Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. Our peer group is also important because typically our peers share the same interest which lays foundation for support and socialization amongst the group. Methods of socialization includes affective methods, operant methods, observational methods, cognitive methods, sociocultural methods, and apprenticeship The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she An applied stream is called Consumer Mathematics, while the academic stream is called Pre-calculus Mathematics. Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? WebSocialization is the process by which people learn the culture of their society (Chambliss and Eglitis 87). WebThis paper presents sociocultural perspectives alongside critical theories affecting adult learning in contemporary society. No scientific evidence has been found that supports the idea that males perform better when taught by male teachers, either in Canada (Coulter and McNay 1993; Sokal et al. Indeed, this is a problem facing a great deal of Aboriginal youth in Canada. As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. Schools are directly responsible for making people worthwhile in their respective societies. More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. 10. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. What is streaming? Box 6.2 What Do Academic and Applied Streams Look Like? As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? Their role in guiding the moral development of children, however, is often not simply limited to setting a good example. Because reading is highly associated with overall academic achievement and later-life occupational attainment, this is a problem that has tremendous sociological implications. Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. Social experiences are required to develop communication and social skills. As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. As well, previous research has shown that, like bully victims, rejected children report being lonely (Asher, Hymel, and Renshaw 1984) and are more likely to be depressed (Vosk, Forehand, Parker, and Rickard 1982) than integrated peers. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. Within the school setting, social competence is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. Studies have found that classrooms in the lower tracks have a variety of less desirable characteristics that undoubtedly impact on the learning of students such as less experienced teachers, less challenging coursework, and teachers with lower expectations of students (Katz 1999). From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. However, there is some evidence that home schooled children are acquiring the rules of behavior and systems of beliefs and attitudes they need. Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. Victim characteristics also differ by gender, as male victims are often not tough (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). In Alberta, applied English language arts are designated the course abbreviation of ELA 10-2 (Grade 10), 20-2 (Grade 11), and 30-2 (Grade 12). The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Within the family, children are socialized into particular ways of thinking about morals, cultural values, and social roles. A significant part of a teachers job is to evaluate students and, often, to decide if a student is best suited for a particular ability track. Teacher education suggests that tailoring into ability groups allows for teachers to best match the learning needs of students. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. Stanley Cohen (1972) coined the term moral panic to refer to the social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order. What kinds of resources are available on their websites? It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with What problems are being identified? However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. They have good self-esteem and are likely to display fewer behavior problems than do other children. Rather than committing acts of physical violence toward each other, girls are much more likely to participate in covert acts of aggression such as spreading rumours and excluding individuals from their social group. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). School uniforms became more widely implemented in the public school system in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s when school policies were put in place in an effort to control gang activities and increase safety at schools (Han 2010). The first part addresses the essential implication of race theory in adult education. How did you perceive other groups? What has changed, however, is the larger proportion of boys without male parents in the home. As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. A major emphasis in the curriculum is learning practical life skills and how to develop trust for persons in authority. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. The Safe Schools Act changed the policy to one of mandatory suspensions and expulsions and police involvement for particular rule infractions, provided that mitigating factors were taken into account. What is the Value of a Liberal Arts Degree? One suggestion for improving boys literacy is to incorporate more boy friendly books into the curriculum.9 Books that are about adventure and those that are non-fiction are thought to appeal to young males, while novels are more appealing to young females. Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. Similarly, students who attend private schools can be conceptualized as having been streamed into elite classes that tend to reproduce social stratification in society. In contrast, teachers who had high-quality relationships with their students also reported significantly fewer behavioural problems in their classrooms (Marzano et al. Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. Girls are bullied for being unattractive, not being dressed fashionably, and being physically overdeveloped (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. 2000). Schools with the most severe discipline problems usually have the worst social climates as well. Such instances spark debate around the role of schools in promoting particular social values. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). What happens if teachers behave in ways that violate norms of morality? The government also funds other programs that provide They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). The majority of these codes tend to focus on issues surrounding dress codes and behaviour toward other students, teachers, and staff, while some include zero tolerance policies. course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. Elsewhere in Canada, zero tolerance policies are likely to be in place around specific actions. 3. Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. 2010). Since the 1990s, however, this has reversed, with girls getting the higher scores, particularly in reading. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. The overall socialization of children, as theorized by Bronfenbrenner (see Chapter 2), is dispersed into various realms which focus on the different sites of social context that children experience in their lives. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. Many of these features of the core can be understood as not only socializing children into being students, but also preparing them for life as adults within bureaucracies. Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. They suggest, interestingly, that drinking and sexual behaviours of young people can be perceived as festive social interactions and [a source of] popularity among teens and emerging adults, as well as representing a problem behaviour (Sussman et al. In Chapter 2, Meads theory of development of the self was discussed. This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). 2003). The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). As noted by Sweet et al. Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. Both male and female skaters also widely rejected the values associated with the popular crowd. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. Concept in social psychology in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. This phenomenon of a network of disadvantageous social ties has been called negative social capital (Portes 1998). Child victims also report having recurring memories of the abuse (Sharp 1995) and being afraid to seek help (Slee 1994; Smith and Myron- Wilson 1998). What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Additionally, this study explores the relationship between students online learning engagement and their online learning performance by taking the Secondary School Geography Curriculum Standards and Textbooks Research, a small-scale private online course (SPOC) of the geography education undergraduate course, as an example. If they do not go to school, how do they learn many of the basic skills that are engrained in the early years of the school experience? In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. Peer-rejected children, however, are not only aggressive children. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. Current practices appear to reflect the desire to create obedient future employees or citizens (Raby 2005). A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. The influence of social capital, however, does not always work in a manner than enhances academic achievement and prosocial behaviours. When a student enters high school, the courses that he or she takes greatly influence the post-secondary options available to him or her upon graduation. 2010). The structure of school and the structure of the family are obviously very different. Agents of socialization are the social structures in which socialization occurs. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. Benefits. Their inability to behave in ways that are socially acceptable can have many causes, such as parenting styles and disciplinary techniques in the home (Putallaz and Heflin 1990). Adults who were homeschool as kids are civically engaged and well adjusted. Feb 23 2011 at 2:33pm. She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. Look on the internet for official curriculum documents about moral education in Canada. Did you interact with people in other groups? Such embedded practices are lining up, doing homework, taking tests, and being evaluated. Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? incorrect; in the context of education, the expectations that teachers have about their students influence how they behaved toward them, which in turn, influences students motivation and performance. So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. 2. Canadian researchers have examined the meanness of girls in relation to their popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006; Currie, Kelly, and Pomerantz 2007). Gender Socialization.