Viruses cannot replicate on their own. Comparison at the molecular levelcomparison of DNA sequences, genes and their RNA or protein products now plays a major role in phylogenetic analysis. She has a Master's Degree in Cellular and Molecular Physiology from Tufts Medical School and a Master's of Teaching from Simmons College. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. Bacterial conjugation involves two bacteria, but it isn't a form of reproduction. Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually, copying themselves. They do not meet the criteria of a living organism. This makes it likely that they all evolved from a common ancestral cell line. Create your account. The difference arises because different bacteria have differentcell walls. This nucleoid does not have a membrane of its own. Molecular analysis of modern eukaryotes suggests that the first multicellular eukaryotes appeared about 900-1000 million years ago, and there is evidence in the fossil record of such organisms around 600-800 million years ago. One theory of how some of the eukaryotic organelles evolved is based on the idea that early prokaryotes may have formed symbiotic relationships. TheirDNAis not membrane-bound, just free in the cytoplasm. Over time the division of function among cells led to the evolution of the tissues and organs of complex eukaryotes. Examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Streptococcus. These colonies initially contained cells that were exactly the same. The Eukarya domain is divided into four kingdoms. Finally cells in the colonies developed separate functions and later developed into the tissues and organs of more complex organisms. You have a wonderful "motor" for swimming. Both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes have cytoplasm. The first eukaryotes were unicellular organisms but later gave rise to multicellular versions. Viruses can infect plants, animals, humans, and prokaryotes. I feel like its a lifeline. This chapter explores the likely processes that were needed for life to start, evolve and prosper, and then look at how scientists have attempted to categorise and classify the many forms of life to study the evolutionary relationships between the many diverse forms of life. C. communalism. -as previously covered, and their primary defining element, they lack anucleus; instead, their DNA is a single circular molecule freely present in the cytoplasm and not associated with anyproteinssuch as histones in eukaryotes; however, the general area where the genetic material hangs out is termed anucleoid. Bacteria can be sub-divided into two main groups: gram-negative and gram-positive. Many viruses cause disease, diverting healthy cells away from their normal activities. Viruses have fewer components than cells. 2 Methods in the community ecology of prokaryotic viruses 2.1 Enumeration and concentration of viruses. Secondary hemostasis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade resulting in the formation of a more stable plug. Today we have extensive knowledge of the infection mechanisms used by viruses and their effects on health thanks to research in cytopathology, which is a branch of medicine that studies the origins and behavior of diseases at the cellular level. That's it. streptococci Bacteria can be classified through the gram stain or by their shape. Viruses are microscopic infectious agents formed by a protein capsid that contains a DNA or RNA strand inside. In this chapter the three-domain system, in which all life can be placed into three domains, is used. Bacteria, on the other hand, can be found absolutely everywhere on earth, even in the human body (good bacteria). Why do Gram-positive bacteria retain the purple colour? Prokaryotic cells may have photosynthetic pigments, such as is found in cyanobacteria ("blue-green bacteria"). Here we will briefly cover the classification and reproduction of bacteria. As of 2022, UExcel exams are no longer being offered. Viruses are non-living microbes. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. It is believed that pronounced infolding, known as invagination, of the bounding membrane may be responsible for the evolution of these structures. They have some organelles in common, such as the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. The organisms in Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes, while the organisms in Eukarya have eukaryotic cells. Asexual reproduction is common . The DNA in the plasmid becomes integrated with the other DNA of the recipient cell. These are a group of viruses that only infect bacteria. They are made of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA, a protein capsule around the genetic material called a capsid, and, sometimes, a lipid membrane. The best known, and most studied, are the birds and mammals, which account for less than 0.1% of the total. Eukaryotic cells closely interact with each other in various ways to form tissues and organs with an organism. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. -one or moreflagellawhich aid in locomotion. FIGURE 11-6 Different ways in which organisms can be categorised using taxonomy. Sexual reproduction maximizes the genetic variability of the offspring of two parents, strengthening the genetic line and minimizing the risk of a random mutation wiping out most of a population. The first eukaryotes were unicellular organisms but later gave rise to multicellular versions. One of these is transduction in which viruses move DNA from one bacterium to another. An overview of viruses can be seen at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0h5Jd7sgQWY(23:17). These colonies initially contained cells that were exactly the same. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. He has taught subjects such as Biology, Biochemistry, Human Physiology, Ecology and Research Methodology in high school and college levels and participate as private tutor for high school students and science professionals. Some research suggests that archaea could be the origin of eukaryotes, as they share traits with both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Hemostasis occurs in 2 phases, namely, primary and secondary. The final domain, the Archaea, contains bacteria-like prokaryotic organisms that inhabit extreme environments such as hot springs and thermal vents in the deep ocean. What are viruses that infect prokaryotic cells? Despite this, gene transfer processes still allow for genetic variance. Viruses have very few organelles, similar to the prokaryotic cells. About 3 billion years ago photosynthetic bacteria started to produce oxygen which accumulated in the atmosphere, and about 2.5 billion years ago the first eukaryotes evolved out of the more complex prokaryotes. What is the most common type of bacteria reproduction? However, a number of organelles with a specialised structure to produce ATP (mitochondria) or carry out photosynthesis (in the chloroplast) are only present in the eukaryotic cells. Will you pass the quiz? 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Biological evolution, in turn, led to the appearance of all the major features of cellular life. Viruses cannot reproduce by themselves. Safranin is used as a coutnerstain in the Gram test to help distinguish between the two types of bacteria. There are also other less common types of bacteria such as star or rectangular shaped ones. In this lesson, students read a passage and complete a graphic organizer listing functions and characteristics of prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and viruses. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Sensitivity and response to the environment. However, these viruses have the particularity of incorporating their DNA or RNA into the cellular genome. Takemura says, "This new updated hypothesis can profoundly impact the study of eukaryotic cell origins and provide a basis for further discussion on the involvement of viruses in the evolution of . What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria? Biologists have found evidence that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic organisms by a process of intracellular A. symbiosis. Arizona State University: Ask a Biologist: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes, Napa Valley College: Introduction to Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Florida State University: Molecular Expressions: Bacterial Cell Structure, Western Washington University: Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, British Society for Cell Biology: Ribosome, Yes, includes things like mitochondria, golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, etc), Mitosis (division of somatic cells) and Meiosis (creation of cells used for sexual reproduction). Viruses are not cells at all, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes. Use this resource to answer the questions that follow. The bacterial cell wall is one of the main targets of antibiotics. Instead, they infect living hosts, and use the hosts cells to make copies of their own DNA. Binary fission is a process in which a bacterial cell copies its genetic material, grows, and then splits into two cells, making an exact replica of the mother cell. This made them the earliest predators. amazon hr business partner 1; 2449 fulton ave, sacramento, ca 95825. top 21 natural remedies for autoimmune disease and inflammation; urgent prayer for healing You live in a medium which has a viscosity about equal to asphalt. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells can host viruses. How many orders of magnitude are bacteria bigger than viruses? Viruses can infect both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, causing disease or cell death. Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells Answer Key "Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. Go to our explanation on the subject if you want to learn more about Eukaryotes. Estimates of the number of different types of organisms on our planet range from 5 million to over 10 million, but only 1.7 million have been definitively characterised. Eventually that advantageous trait becomes common in a population of organisms. A virus often causes an illness in the host by inducing cell death. Sign up to highlight and take notes. For example, such comparison of mtDNA sequences has clearly shown that humans and gorillas and chimpanzees (the African apes) share a common ancestor, and that chimpanzees are our closest relative (Fig 11-4). Both cells have a plasma membrane, which serves as a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside. Viruses, however, are much smaller and cant simply grow on their own. These molecules became sequestered in membrane-bounded vesicles to generate protocells. Log In or, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window). it controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. An example of this type of virus is the human papillomavirus (HPV), whose infections are related to the development of uterine cancer in women. Gradually the chemical reactions occurring in the protocells became sufficiently organised for their transition to what can be considered as the first living cells. As examples of latent viral infections, the varicella zoster virus (VZV) that causes chickenpox and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS can be mentioned. To facilitate standardizing data, a simple ontology of viral life-cycle terms was developed to provide a common vocabulary for annotating data sets. Only eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Transcription and Translation in Prokaryotes. The relationship between a series of organisms can be predicted by a phylogenetic tree. TABLE 11-1 A comparison of some features of the three domains of life. What Happens to the Nuclear Membrane During Cytokinesis? Impact of viruses on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells A _priorities 6 I'm studying access to nursing, currently on unit 5 cell biology illustrated report, can anyone point me in the right direction of the above question please, i cant seem to find anything, thank you! Bacteria are usually grown in cultures using a medium with nutrients in which they can quickly multiply. Latent viruses can remain dormant for a long time before causing. The smallest living organisms only need one of these building blocks and others only need a handful. 29 chapters | Biology and AIDS Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker cell wall. Reply 1 2 years ago A 1 micrometers is a thousand nanometers. All viruses are obligate parasites and can cause asymptomatic infections or serious illness. To do this, the cells also needed an oxidative system to supply chemical energy for use in protein synthesis and other synthetic reactions occurring in the cells. Archaea are mostly unicellular. Thanks to the fact that viruses maintain more or less constant patterns of infection, cytopathology has helped us to describe the genetics of viruses, the factors involved in the infection cycle, and the defense mechanisms of the host. These predatory prokaryotes probably included both anaerobes (organisms that do not require oxygen for growth, can react negatively or may even die in its presence) that could not utilise oxygen in energy production and were therefore unable to fully capture their inherent energy, and aerobes (organisms that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment). Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. The pedagogical features of the text make the material All of these developments probably occurred in the first billion years after the Earths formation. They can either float freely in the cell or sit on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells, (giving it the designation of "rough," in comparison to its smooth sibling that lacks ribosomes). Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. It is believed that eukaryotes developed because of associations between early prokaryotes. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. All living organisms can be classified into one of three domains: the Bacteria, the Archaea and the Eukarya. According to the cytopathological effect that viruses have on cells, they are classified as latent, lytic and oncogenic. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Viruses also do not have their own metabolism or maintain homeostasis. What is a virus? The multiplication of bacteria is exponential, because the number of bacteria always doubles: from one to four, to eight, etc. It is believed that over hundreds of millions of years the amino acids and other organic molecules originally produced in the prebiotic stage of the Earths existence condensed to give simple proteins, phospholipids and nucleic acids. Slide 2. prokaryotic cell structure. As a freelance writer, her specialty is science and medical writing. on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is different since the structures of the hosts are different. Prokaryotes consist of the Bacteria and the Archaea. What is this process called? | 24 In fact, it's a big part of the reason why eukaryotic cells can grow to be many times larger than prokaryotic ones. Typically, two different ways have been used to enumerate viruses: the indirect, 'viable' counts (here used within quotation marks to distinguish infective viruses from truly viable prokaryotes) and the direct total counts. To better organize out content, we have unpublished this concept. Finally, oncogenic viruses such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause infections through which they alter the genetic material of host cells, increasing the activity of oncogenic genes. Eukaryotes, on the other hand, are cells with a nucleus. The viruses grab the plasmids from one bacterium and transfer it to another bacterial cell. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. The small size of prokaryotes allows ions and organic molecules that enter them to quickly spread to other parts of the cell. Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic viruses have an important impact on human health, ranging from mild, self-limited acute or chronic infections to those with serious or fatal consequences. Of particular importance in evolutionary terms was the development of a nuclear region to store information as DNA, and systems to copy the DNA, and convert the information it carried to RNA for use in protein synthesis (see Ch 20). To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. There are frequent checkpoints for the cell to go through, monitoring the cells external and internal conditions, and redirecting the cells resources and functions when necessary. -acapsulemade of polysaccharides as their outermost layer (on top of the cell wall on top of the plasma membrane). Oncogenic viruses alter the genome of the host cell, increasing the risk of developing cancerous tumors. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. FIGURE 11-3 A scheme showing important steps in the development of multicellular life. DDD/E transposase gene is the most abundant gene in nature and many DNA transposons in all three domains of life use it for their transposition. This is called a lytic cycle. The answer may surprise you. Describe the outside covering of a virus. 6. Viruses are not considered alive as they are not capable of replicating without a host cell. Plasmids, which are transferred from one cell to another via pili. They lack the other parts shared by all cells, including a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. UExcel Microbiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, What Are Viruses? In contrast, prokaryotes bacteria and archaea are single-celled organisms, with only a few exceptions. Viruses are microscopic infectious agents that attack living cells. Prokaryotes are almost exclusively unicellular organisms: they are made up of a single cell. { "2.01:_Osmosis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.02:_Common_Parts_of_the_Cell" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.03:_Prokaryotic_and_Eukaryotic_Cells" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.04:_Viruses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.05:_Phospholipid_Bilayers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.06:_Membrane_Proteins" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.07:_Cytoplasm_and_Cytoskeletons" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.08:_Cell_Nucleus" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.09:_Ribosomes_and_Mitochondria" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.10:_Other_Cell_Organelles" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.11:_Plant_Cell_Structures" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.12:_Organization_of_Cells" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.13:_Diffusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.14:_Facilitated_Diffusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.15:__Active_Transport" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.16:_Sodium-Potassium_Pump" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.17:_Exocytosis_and_Endocytosis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.18:__Autotrophs_and_Heterotrophs" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.19:_Glucose_and_ATP" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.20:_Chloroplasts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.21:_Light_Reactions_of_Photosynthesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.22:__Calvin_Cycle" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.23:_Photosynthesis_Summary" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.24:_Chemosynthesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.25:_Anaerobic_vs_Aerobic_Respiration" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.26:_Cellular_Respiration" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.27:_Glycolysis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.28:_Krebs_Cycle" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.29:_Electron_Transport" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.30:_Fermentation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.31:_Anaerobic_and_Aerobic_Respiration" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.32:_Cell_Division" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.33:_Cell_Cycle" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.34:_Chromosomes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.35:_Mitosis_and_Cytokinesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.36:_Asexual_vs._Sexual_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.37:_Meiosis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.38:__Gametogenesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.39:_Genetic_Variation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.40:_Reproductive_Life_Cycles" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Cell_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Genetics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Molecular_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Ecology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Prokaryotes_and_Viruses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Protists_and_Fungi" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Plants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Animals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Invertebrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Vertebrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Human_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "authorname:ck12", "program:ck12", "license:ck12", "source@http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology-Concepts" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_Introductory_Biology_(CK-12)%2F02%253A_Cell_Biology%2F2.04%253A_Viruses, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0h5Jd7sgQWY, source@http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology-Concepts, status page at https://status.libretexts.org.