[2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] endobj >> << -Becoming less pervasive /ExtGState << /Length 2864 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] /Tabs /S What is social loafing? >> In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 %PDF-1.5 /F5 25 0 R /BM /Normal >> >> /F4 24 0 R With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. << Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /ExtGState << /StructParents 8 [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. 7,000 & 6,000 \\ /Tabs /S Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). endobj If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. /Type /Pages -In group: (us) Jonathan A. . >> /Group << What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? What is a meta-analysis? %PDF-1.3 ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". [15][pageneeded]. >> "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. /BM /Normal Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. /Chartsheet /Part We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. >> This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. 2011 . 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) >> stream What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? >> 11 0 obj What is the power of single vivid instances? /ExtGState << 6 0 obj >> naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /GS8 28 0 R /ExtGState << What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? >> /StructParents 3 basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? >> 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. /ca 1 In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. /F4 24 0 R [9][pageneeded]. >> What is culture? Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. . -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) -Summer camp for boys with two groups, they had flags and motto's etc The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. . /Type /Group Under what conditions are people most likely to help? >> When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. /Type /Group /CS /DeviceRGB -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one ] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic endobj /F1 21 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. endobj Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o >> When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /F3 23 0 R 9 0 obj [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. /F1 21 0 R >> /S /Transparency too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist 23 0 obj 2,000 & 11,000 \\ central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? << 19 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R -Cognitive component: stereotypes clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 /Type /Group The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? /Tabs /S membership. Add to folder The cognitive miser and focal bias . A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. /Parent 2 0 R /Resources << The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? /Parent 2 0 R 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 concept, type of stimulus). -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. economic zones to fisheries. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. 48 . Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} >> what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? >> -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) /F3 23 0 R >> /CS /DeviceRGB [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /F1 21 0 R Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known << The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question /Type /Page /LastChar 239 /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /Group << /F4 24 0 R July 2015 . > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. >> [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. /F4 24 0 R The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. Describe his findings. Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R << /Pages 2 0 R /Type /Group /F1 21 0 R -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. /Contents 37 0 R How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? << /Subtype /Type1 /F1 21 0 R >> /F3 23 0 R Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? /F3 23 0 R others. >> What is the actor-observer bias? [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. [39][originalresearch? /LastChar 32 >> It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. -Examples: sports events. [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. What variables influence whether or not people conform? -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. /F2 22 0 R would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] When does it occur? /CA 1 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 It spans a topic. /CS /DeviceRGB When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ 13 0 obj /StructParents 6 ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 First proposed in 1958 by Fritz Heider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. (1950s) a. /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /Resources << Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /ExtGState << Rationality and the reflective mind . /Contents 43 0 R How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? /GS7 27 0 R Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. /F4 24 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] You have created 2 folders. /Tabs /S >> 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. /Count 13 The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 What is social facilitation? 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R If not, give a counterexample. continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. >> Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 /StructParents 4 certain conditions. /Diagram /Figure /Type /Page /Type /Group /Type /Catalog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. <> Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? /GS8 28 0 R -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue 1,000 & 12,000 Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. /FontDescriptor 363 0 R >> >> The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. /Group << /F3 23 0 R 72 0 R] how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. << /Tabs /S Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. >> -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R